重力驱动作用——滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

耳闯  顾家裕  牛嘉玉  程妮  韩少飞 《地质论评》2010,56(3):312-320

通过对冀北滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积地层的实地考察,发现盆地内发育丰富的重力驱动作用沉积物。文中描述西瓜园组发育的滑动和滑塌现象,指出露头剖面中存在的挤压变形现象并非构造成因,而是由于滑动块体和滑塌块体前端的挤压应力环境造成的。在介绍西瓜园组重力流沉积发育环境的基础上,对露头中存在的若干重力流沉积进行了描述,并使用砂质碎屑流这一概念对这些现象进行了较为合理的成因解释。通过对滑动和滑塌(重力块体运动)和砂质碎屑流—浊流(重力流)沉积物研究,结合前人对该地区冲积扇—扇三角洲的研究成果,认为重力驱动作用是滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制。  相似文献   

Bedload transport and bed resistance associated with density and turbidity currents     

OCTAVIO E. SEQUEIROS  BENOIT SPINEWINE  RICK T. BEAUBOUEF  TAO SUN  MARCELO H. GARCIA  GARY PARKER 《Sedimentology》2010,57(6):1463-1490

Turbidity currents in the ocean are driven by suspended sediment. Yet results from surveys of the modern sea floor and turbidite outcrops indicate that they are capable of transporting as bedload and depositing particles as coarse as cobble sizes. While bedload cannot drive turbidity currents, it can strongly influence the nature of the deposits they emplace. This paper reports on the first set of experiments which focus on bedload transport of granular material by density underflows. These underflows include saline density flows, hybrid saline/turbidity currents and a pure turbidity current. The use of dissolved salt is a surrogate for suspended mud which is so fine that it does not settle out readily. Thus, all the currents can be considered to be model turbidity currents. The data cover four bed conditions: plane bed, dunes, upstream‐migrating antidunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes. The bedload transport relation obtained from the data is very similar to those obtained for open‐channel flows and, in fact, is fitted well by an existing relation determined for open‐channel flows. In the case of dunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes, for which flow separation on the lee sides was observed, form drag falls in a range that is similar to that due to dunes in sand‐bed rivers. This form drag can be removed from the total bed shear stress using an existing relation developed for rivers. Once this form drag is subtracted, the bedload data for these cases collapse to follow the same relation as for plane beds and upstream‐migrating antidunes, for which no flow separation was observed. A relation for flow resistance developed for open‐channel flows agrees well with the data when adapted to density underflows. Comparison of the data with a regime diagram for field‐scale sand‐bed rivers at bankfull flow and field‐scale measurements of turbidity currents at Monterey Submarine Canyon, together with Shields number and densimetric Froude number similarity analyses, provide strong evidence that the experimental relations apply at field scale as well.  相似文献   

Application of numerical modelling to a case of compaction-driven dolomitization: a Jurassic palaeohigh in the Po Plain, Italy     

ALBERTO CONSONNI  PAOLA RONCHI  CLAUDIO GELONI†  ALFREDO BATTISTELLI†  DOMENICO GRIGO  SIMONA BIAGI‡  FABRIZIO GHERARDI‡  GIOVANNI GIANELLI‡  Associate Editor: Dave Cantrell 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):209-231

Dolomitization of a carbonate platform can occur at different times and in different diagenetic environments, from synsedimentary to deep burial settings. Numerical simulations are valuable tools to test and select the model that, among different hypotheses compatible with field and geochemical data, best honour mass balance, kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. Moreover, the simulation can predict the distribution of the dolomitized bodies in the subsurface and evaluate porosity changes; valuable information for the oil industry. This study is the first attempt to reproduce and investigate the compaction dolomitization model. The diagenetic study of the Jurassic carbonate basin and palaeohigh system of the Po Plain indicates that the carbonates of the palaeohighs were dolomitized by basin compaction fluids. The main goal of the simulations is to evaluate the origin and evolution of the dolomitizing fluids and to provide insights regarding the distribution of the potential reservoir‐dolomitized bodies in the Po Plain. The modelling process is subdivided into two steps: basin modelling and reactive transport modelling. The SEBE3 basin simulator (Eni proprietary) was used to create a three‐dimensional model of the compacting system. The results include compaction fluid flow rate from the basin to the palaeohigh, compaction duration and a determination of the total amount of fluid introduced into the palaeohigh. These data are then used to perform reactive transport modelling with the TOUGHREACT code. Sensitivities on dolomite kinetic parameters suggest that dolomitization was an efficient process even at low temperatures, with differences mainly related to the dynamics of the process. Fluid composition is one of the main constraints, the sea water derived compaction fluid is proven to be efficient for dolomitization due to its relatively high Mg content. Simulations also confirmed that permeability is the most important factor influencing fluid flow and, consequently, the dolomite distribution in the formation. Permeable fractured zones have a strong influence, diverting the dolomitizing fluids from their normal path towards overlying or lateral zones. Moreover, the simulations showed that, after dolomite replacement is complete, the dolomitizing fluids can precipitate dolomite cement, causing over‐dolomitization, with related localized plugging effects in the zone of influx. Mass balance calculations indicate that in the dolomitization compaction model, the amount of compaction water fluxed from the basin to the carbonate is the main constraint on dolomitization efficiency. This observation implies that the ratio between the volume of the basin undergoing compaction and the volume of the palaeohigh is a limiting factor on the final size of the dolomitized bodies. An isolated palaeohigh could be an ideal site for pervasive replacement dolomitization due to the large volume of compaction fluids available compared with the carbonate rock volume. In the case of large platforms, the more permeable margin lithofacies are the most likely sites for compaction model dolomitization. The combined use of a basin simulator and reactive transport modelling has proved to be a successful method to verify model reliability and it provides insights into the volumetric distribution of diagenetic products.  相似文献   

黄河中游一次致洪暴雨过程的形成机理          下载免费PDF全文

宋清芝  吕林宜 《气象与环境科学》2018,41(2):54-61

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等,对黄河中游2013年7月21-22日的致洪暴雨过程的形成机理进行分析。结果发现:1)地面辐合线的形成和维持是本次过程降水强度大和降水集中的主要原因。中尺度雨团和地面中尺度辐合线相对应,地面中尺度辐合线的形成和冷空气扩散补充相对应。第一次冷空气扩散,促使长武站附近地面中尺度辐合线的形成和维持;第二次冷空气补充,促使北洛河流域、无定河流域的地面中尺度辐合线形成并维持。2)暴雨过程发生前,其上空存在干暖盖的结构特征,是能量积累及位势不稳定层结结构建立的关键;暴雨发生过程中干空气侵入对中尺度对流云团起激发作用。3)暴雨、大暴雨发生过程中水汽的垂直输送明显,暴雨区上空1000-100 h Pa相对湿度均在90%以上。  相似文献   

雅鲁藏布江中游不同地表输沙量特征     

落桑曲加  张焱  马鹏飞  扎多  格多  张正偲 《中国沙漠》2022,42(2):6-13

雅鲁藏布江河流宽谷区是青藏高原风沙活动最为强烈地区之一.输沙量是评价区域风沙活动的最主要指标之一,但目前对该地区输沙量的研究几乎是空白.利用旋转多路方口集沙仪对雅鲁藏布江流域中游河岸沙地、河漫滩沙地和山麓沙地3种地表类型、6个点2020年9-12月的输沙量进行野外实地观测,对比不同下垫面的输沙量,分析地表特征对输沙量的...  相似文献   

黄河源高寒草原下垫面土壤冻融过程中陆-气间的水热交换特征分析     

武月月  文军  王作亮  贾东于  刘闻慧  蒋雨芹  陆宣承 《高原气象》2022,(1):132-142

高寒草原水热交换的季节性特征显著,土壤冻融过程对地-气水热交换有着重要的影响.本文利用黄河源区汤岔玛小流域2014年5月至2015年5月陆面过程观测数据,将土壤冻融过程划分为完全融化(TT)和完全冻结(FF)两种状态与融冻(T-F)和冻融(F-T)两个过程,并分析了期间高寒草原下垫面净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和地表热通...  相似文献   

"8.28"过程的多普勒雷达回波与水汽输送特征分析   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

黄玉霞王宝鉴  王锡稳刘治国 《干旱气象》2004,22(3):49-54

利用多普勒天气雷达资料及NCEP＼NCAR逐日每6h再分析资料,对甘肃省2003年8月27～28日的连续性大到暴雨过程(简称“8．28”过程)进行了分析。结果表明：多普勒零速度线在测站两侧顺转程度不一致,是暖平流和大尺度辐合运动的叠加所造成的,这一结构为强降水的产生和维持提供了有利的水汽垂直输送和辐合上升运动;逆风区、中小尺度的辐合辐散都与强降水之间存在着密切的关系,是临近降水预报的重要指标;降水的区域和量级与水汽通量输送的大小及其辐合程度有关。  相似文献   

大亚湾养殖水域沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15  

丘耀文  王肇鼎  高红莲  彭云辉 《热带海洋学报》1999,(3)

1998年5月10日和11日分别在大亚湾的大鹏澳和澳头养殖水域现场调查,分析了底层海水、上覆水、沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量和磷的化学形态。结果表明：大亚湾养殖水域NH,HPO和H4SiO4含量从大至小为：间隙水,上覆水,底层海水;NO和NO含量变化不大。估算了沉积物一海水界面营养盐扩散通量,NH,NO,NO,HPO,H4SiO4平均通量分别为302．0,－0．06,－1．82,2．53,47．96μmol·（m2·d）－1。水体和沉积物中磷的主要化学形态分别为DOP（占TP的54％）和无机态（占总态的60％）。大亚湾养殖水域浮游生物生长由磷控制。沉积物间隙水中NO,NO,HPO,H4SiO4的浓度垂直分布变化不大,而NH的浓度垂直分布呈指数下降特征。  相似文献   

Optical properties and surface energy flux of spring fast ice in the Arctic     

Jialiang Zhu  Yilin Liu  Xiaoyu Wang  Tao Li 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(10):84-96

Over the past decades, sea ice in the polar regions has been significantly affecting local and even hemispheric climate through a positive ice albedo feedback mechanism. The role of fast ice, as opposed to drift ice, has not been well-studied due to its relatively small coverage over the earth. In this paper, the optical properties and surface energy balance of land fast ice in spring are studied using in situ observations in Barrow, Alaska. The results show that the albedo of the fast ice varied between 0.57 and 0.85 while the transmittance increased from 1.3×10?3 to 4.1×10?3 during the observation period. Snowfall and air temperature affected the albedo and absorbance of sea ice, but the transmittance had no obvious relationship with precipitation or snow cover. Net solar shortwave radiation contributes to the surface energy balance with a positive 99.2% of the incident flux, with sensible heat flux for the remaining 0.8%. Meanwhile, the ice surface loses energy through the net longwave radiation by 18.7% of the total emission, while the latent heat flux accounts for only 0.1%. Heat conduction is also an important factor in the overall energy budget of sea ice, contributing 81.2% of the energy loss. Results of the radiative transfer model reveal that the spectral transmittance of the fast ice is determined by the thickness of snow and sea ice as well as the amount of inclusions. As major inclusions, the ice biota and particulates have a significant influence on the magnitude and distribution of the spectral transmittance. Based on the radiative transfer model, concentrations of chlorophyll and particulate in the fast ice are estimated at 5.51 mg/m2 and 95.79 g/m2, which are typical values in the spring in Barrow.  相似文献   

中国东部海域大气气溶胶入海通量的研究   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  

刘毅  周明煜 《海洋学报》1999,21(5):38-45

根据中国东部海域气溶胶浓度及分级采样资料,计算得出黄海、东海及日本以南海域沙尘气溶胶的代表元素铝(Al)每月干沉降通量分别为42.8、18.3、5.2mg/m2;其中各海域春季的干沉降通量均占全年干沉降通量的40%以上.相应每月总沉降通量分别为54.1、29.8、10.5mg/m2.渤海、黄海、东海及日本以南海域每年沙尘气溶胶总沉降通量分别为26.4、9.3、5.1、1.8g/m2.东海污染元素总沉降通量以春季最大,夏、秋季次之,冬季最小.日本以南海域锑(Sb)元素总沉降通量的季节分布为冬季最大,夏、秋季次之,秋季最小;硒(Se)元素总沉降通量的最大值出现在夏季,其他季节分布比较均匀.  相似文献